Multivitamins
Vitamin: An organic substance required in small quantities for the metabolism of a living organism, which cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by that organism. Vitamins are essential enzyme cofactors. ( a. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/sites/lpi.oregonstate.edu/files/pdf/newsletters/lpi_win21_newsletter.pdf#Page=7
b. References Fantacone et al. Nutrients 12 (2020) doi: 10.3390/nu12082447 Calder et al. Nutrients 12 (2020) doi: 10.3390/nu12041181 Gombart et al. Nutrients 12 (2020) doi: 10.3390/nu12010236
c. Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 16;12(1):236. doi:10.3390/nu12010236. PMID: 31963293; PMCID: PMC7019735.
d. Fantacone ML, Lowry MB, Uesugi SL, Michels AJ, Choi J, Leonard SW, Gombart SK, Gombart JS, Bobe G, Gombart AF. The Effect of a Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement on Immune Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial . Nutrients. 2020 Aug 14;12(8):2447. doi:10.3390/nu12082447. PMID: 32823974; PMCID: PMC7468989. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2447
11. Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, Eggersdorfer M. Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 23;12(4):1181. doi:10.3390/nu12041181. PMID: 32340216; PMCID: PMC7230749. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/4/1181
1. Survey on app. 372,720 UK participants (175,652 additional users and 197,068 non-users),
Reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 – in women only
- Probiotics 14% (95% CI (8% to 19%)),
- Omega 3, 12% (95% CI (8% to 16%)),
- Multivitamins 13% (95% CI (10% to 16%))
- Vitamin D 9% (95% CI (6% to 12%))
No effect seen: vitamin C, zinc and garlic
12. Louca P, Murray B, Klaser K, et al . Modest effects of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from 445,850 users of the COVID-19 Symptom Study app BMJ Nutrition , Prevention & Health 2021;bmjnph-2021-000250. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000250 https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2021/04/20/bmjnph-2021-000250
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